Song of the Wandering Son - Meng Jiao

孟郊 Mèng Jiāo

乐府 Yuèfǔ

Character Explanations

Click on a character in the poem to display its explanation here.

« tender, loving ». 慈母 « the loving mother ».

« mother ». 慈母 « the tender mother ».

shǒu

« hand ». 手中 « in the hand ».

zhōng

« in, in the middle of ». 手中线 « the thread in the hand ».

线 xiàn

« thread ». The thread with which the mother sews.

yóu

« to travel, to wander ». 游子 « the son who goes far away ».

« son, child ». 游子 « the wandering son ».

shēn

« body ». 身上 « on the body ».

shàng

« on ». 身上衣 « the garment on the body ».

« garment, clothing ». The garment sewn by the mother.

lín

« at the moment of, on the eve of ». 临行 « at the hour of departure ».

xíng

« to leave, to depart ». 临行 « just before leaving ».

« tight, dense ». 密密 (reduplicated) « stitch after stitch, very tight ».

« tight ». The reduplication 密密 emphasizes the care of the sewing.

féng

« to sew ». 密密缝 « to sew with tight stitches ».

« thought, intention ». 意恐 « thinking with dread ».

kǒng

« to fear, to dread ». 意恐 « fearing that… ».

chí

« to be late, to delay ». 迟迟 (reduplicated) « very tardily ».

chí

« to delay ». 迟迟归 « to return only very late ».

guī

« to return, to come back ». 迟迟归 « slow to return ».

shuí

« who ». 谁言 « who will say that… ».

yán

« to say ». 谁言 « who will claim ».

cùn

« inch (measure); tiny ». 寸草 « a blade of grass ».

cǎo

« grass ». 寸草心 « the heart of a blade of grass », the child.

xīn

« heart ». 寸草心 : the tiny gratitude of the child.

bào

« to repay, to return ». 报得 « to be able to repay ».

« to be able, to manage to ». 报得 « to manage to repay ».

sān

« three ». 三春 « the three months of spring ».

chūn

« spring ». 三春 « the full spring ».

huī

« light, radiance (of the sun) ». 三春晖 « the light of spring », maternal love.

Literal Translation

The thread in the hand of the loving mother,
The garment on the body of the son who leaves.
At the hour of departure, she sews with tight stitches,
Fearing that he may be slow to return.
Who will say that the heart of a blade of grass
Can repay the light of three springs?

Historical and Biographical Context

孟郊 (Mèng Jiāo, 751–814), a poet with a late and difficult career, is known for his sober and moving poetry.

This poem, 游子吟 (Yóuzǐ yín), « Song of the Wandering Son », is one of the most beloved texts in China on maternal love. It is a 乐府 (yuèfǔ), a poem in sung form.

Literary Analysis

Structure and Form

Six verses of five characters. The first four describe a concrete scene (the mother sewing); the last two transform it into a universal meditation on filial debt.

Imagery and Symbolism

The thread and the needle, humble objects, speak of love; the final comparison contrasts the « blade of grass » (寸草, the child) with the « light of spring » (三春晖, maternal love), immense and nourishing.

Movement and Gesture

The gesture of sewing « with tight stitches » concentrates all the tenderness and anxiety of the mother at the moment of separation.

Language and Tone

Simple and tender language; the reduplications 密密 and 迟迟 give an intimate and insistent rhythm. The tone, first descriptive, becomes moved and grateful.

Main Themes

Maternal Love

The poem celebrates the unconditional love of the mother, expressed by a tiny but unforgettable gesture.

Filial Piety

The debt of the child toward his parents is so great that it can never be fully repaid, a Confucian ideal.

The Great in the Small

A thread, a stitch are enough to express an infinite feeling: poetry is born from the humble detail.

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